Subscribe free to our newsletters via your
. Bio Fuel News .




BIO FUEL
Researchers look to relatives for clues in quest to develop sources of bioenergy
by Staff Writers
St. Louis MO (SPX) May 16, 2012


"Now that we have the genome sequence, we can kick start the development of genetic tools for Setaria." His proposal under the DOE JGI's 2012 Community Sequencing Program builds off the availability of two Setaria genomes, that of foxtail millet and its wild ancestor green foxtail (S. viridis), which is also described in the paper.

Arranging DNA fragments into a genome sequence that scientists can interpret is a challenge often compared to assembling a puzzle except you don't have the box and have no idea what the picture is supposed to be. Sometimes clues from other publicly-available DNA sequences of related organisms can be used to guide the assembly process, but its usefulness depends on how closely related any two sequences are to one another.

For example, a reference genome might be so distantly related from the one being assembled, it would be akin to comparing a Model-T to a contemporary hybrid car.

For researchers interested in switchgrass, a perennial grass that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is investigating as a prospective biofuels feedstock, assembling the plant genome poses an even more complicated puzzle than usual because it has multiple copies of its chromosomes.

The genome of a close switchgrass relative, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), is described in Nature Biotechnology "Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria".

For Dr. Tom Brutnell, a co-author on the study and director of the Enterprise Institute for Renewable Fuels at the Donald Danforth Plant Center, the Setaria genome is the starting point for his own research interests.

"Now that we have the genome sequence, we can kick start the development of genetic tools for Setaria." His proposal under the DOE JGI's 2012 Community Sequencing Program builds off the availability of two Setaria genomes, that of foxtail millet and its wild ancestor green foxtail (S. viridis), which is also described in the paper.

"What we really want is an Arabidopsis for the Panicoid grasses," he said, referring to the ubiquitous model plant used by many researchers.

"Green foxtail is smaller than foxtail millet-we can get it to flower when it's just six inches tall and you go from seed to seed in six to eight weeks. In contrast, foxtail millet is a proper crop so it's taller, has a longer generation time of four months and no one has really developed efficient transformation methods for it. Our project with the DOE JGI allows us to tap the Setaria genomes to fast track S. viridis as a model genetic system."

One of the challenges in studying grasses for bioenergy applications is that they typically have long lifecycles and complex genomes. Jeremy Schmutz, head of the DOE JGI Plant Program at the HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, pointed out that foxtail millet (Setaria italica) has several advantages as a model. It's a compact genome and large quantities of it can be grown in small spaces in just a few months.

"We're not thinking of Setaria as a biofuel crop per se but as a very informative model since its genome is so structurally close to switchgrass," said Jeff Bennetzen, a BESC researcher, the study's co-first author and a professor at the University of Georgia.

He originally proposed that the DOE JGI sequence the foxtail millet genome under the 2008 Community Sequencing Program. Schmutz said that roughly 80 percent of the foxtail millet genome has been assembled using the tried-and-true Sanger sequencing platform, along with more than 95 percent of the gene space-the functional regions of the genome. "The Setaria genome is a high quality reference genome," he said.

"If you want to conduct functional studies that require knowing all the genes and how they are localized relative to one another, then use this genome."

One such area of study is adaptation. Since it is found all over the world, Setaria is considered a good model for learning how grasses can adapt and thrive under various environmental conditions. Additionally it appears to have independently evolved a pathway for photosynthesis that is separate from that used by maize and sorghum.

"With the sequencing of the Setaria genome," the team noted in their paper, "evolutionary geneticists now have an annual, temperate, C4, drought- and cold-tolerant grass that they can comprehensively compare to other plants that have or have not yet evolved these adaptions." C4 plants are distinguished by their ability to conduct photosynthesis faster than C3 plants under high light intensity and high temperatures.

The DOE JGI Plant Program focuses on genomes that have been selected for their relevance to DOE missions in energy and environment, and leads the world in sequencing plants in this area.

Aside from foxtail millet and switchgrass, other DOE Plant Flagship genomes sequenced include, among others, poplar and soybean. Several of these Flagship genomes are also part of the Gene Atlas project, currently in its pilot phase.

Designed to be a reference by which researchers can look up the gene information gathered under several standard experimental conditions, the Gene Atlas is projected to offer researchers a method of interpreting their data by comparing them against "normal" results for these plants. New public releases of these Flagship genomes and of other plant projects occur periodically, and the sequence and analysis is made public here.

.


Related Links
Donald Danforth Plant Science Center
Bio Fuel Technology and Application News






Comment on this article via your Facebook, Yahoo, AOL, Hotmail login.

Share this article via these popular social media networks
del.icio.usdel.icio.us DiggDigg RedditReddit GoogleGoogle








BIO FUEL
Iowa State, Salk researchers make plant protein discovery that could boost bioeconomy
Ames IA (SPX) May 16, 2012
Research groups from Iowa State University and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies have uncovered the function of three plant proteins, a discovery that could help plant scientists boost seed oil production in crops, thereby benefitting the production of food, biorenewable chemicals and biofuels. The analysis of gene activity (by the Iowa group) and determination of protein structure ... read more


BIO FUEL
Motech Americas Exclusive Supplier of Standard PV Solar Modules

Solar Polysilicon Pricing Plunges as Buyers Flock to the Spot Market

Carmanah Launches EG145 Solar Streetlight

Demand for commercial solar projects soars as planning restrictions are lifted

BIO FUEL
Relative reference: Foxtail millet offers clues for assembling the switchgrass genome

Lawrence Livermore work may improve the efficiency of the biofuel production cycle

Discovery of plant proteins may boost agricultural yields and biofuel production

Researchers look to relatives for clues in quest to develop sources of bioenergy

BIO FUEL
US DoI Approves Ocotillo Express Wind Project

Opening Day Draws Close for Janneby Wind Testing Site

NASA Satellite Measurements Imply Texas Wind Farm Impact on Surface Temperature

Scientists find night-warming effect over large wind farms in Texas

BIO FUEL
Afghanistan to pump oil in five months: official

Mozambique gas find hikes East Africa boom

India to reduce Iran oil imports

Philippines bans fishing near disputed shoal

BIO FUEL
Upward trend in energy costs encourages consumers to invest in renewable energy

ADB sells $339 million 'clean energy' bonds

Salmond touts Norway green interconnector

China plans mega transmission power line

BIO FUEL
Nissan posts record sales, $4.28 bn net profit

Electric-powered van to make trans-Africa trip

Toyota full-year profits dive, pledges recovery

China sees red as Ferrari damages ancient wall

BIO FUEL
Cambodian girl killed in land row: official

Wasted milk is a real drain on our resources

Tiny plants could cut costs, shrink environmental footprint

Russia 'a growing grain power'

BIO FUEL
Record data transmission speed set

Samsung on top as mobile phone sales dip: survey

"Social Network" writer to pen Steve Jobs film script

US class-action ebook price-fixing suit can proceed




The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement